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| CATEGORY | QUALITY | THRESHOLD | OCCURENCE | REFERENCE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| smell | ethereal, citrus-like | 5.138e-3 µmol/L | dill seed | details |
| smell | citrus-like | 9.543e-2 µmol/L | details | |
| smell | citrus-like, carrot-like | 9.543e-2 µmol/L | orange juice | details |
| Toxicity Summary |
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| Link to the Distributed Structure-Searchable Toxicity (DSSTox) Database |
| IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Limonene is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Limonene is used as a solvent in degreasing metals prior to industrial painting, for cleaning in the electronic and printing industries, and in paint as a solvent. Limonene is also used as a flavor and fragrance additive in food, household cleaning products and perfumes. It is also used as gallstone solubilizer. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Limonene is a skin irritant in humans. The oxidized forms of limonene are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Limonene liquid has been reported to irritate eyes, ingestion causes irritation of GI tract. Albuminuria and hematuria are probable if ingested in sufficient quantity. It is also associated with mouth and throat irritation, shortness of breath, and impaired lung function. ANIMAL STUDIES: Limonene is a skin irritant in experimental animals. The critical organ in animals (except for male rats) following oral or ip administration is the liver. Exposure to limonene affects the amount and activity of different liver enzymes, liver weight, cholesterol levels and bile flow. These changes have been noted in mice, rats and dogs. Limonene and its epoxides were not mutagenic when tested at concentrations of 0.3-3333 ug/plate in in vitro assays using different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. When incubated with Syrian hamster embryo cells up to 100 ug/mL or 3 mM, limonene did not induce statistically significant cell transformation. There is no evidence that limonene was teratogenic or produced embryotoxic effects in the absence of maternal toxicity. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Terrestrial organisms are most likely exposed to limonene via the air. The few studies of terrestrial species (i.e. insects) using vapor exposure revealed effects of limonene at ppm levels. In the aquatic environment, limonene exhibits high acute toxicity to fish and Daphnia. |
| Source: DrugBank or Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) |
| EFSA's chemical Hazards Database : OpenFoodTox |
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| This compound is found in OpenFoodTox with the name: Limonene |